Isodium hydroxide
Isodium hydroxide, i-formula yayo yeekhemikhali i-NaOH, iyaziwa ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-caustic soda, i-caustic soda kunye ne-caustic soda. Xa inyibilikiswa, ikhupha ivumba le-ammonia. Yi-caustic eyomeleleyoialkali, ngokuqhelekileyo i-flake okanye i-granular form. Inyibilika ngokulula emanzini (xa inyibilika emanzini, ikhupha ubushushu) kwaye yenza isisombululo sealkaline. Ukongezelela, i-deliquescent kwaye ifunxa kalula umphunga wamanzi (i-deliquescence) kunye ne-carbon dioxide (ukonakala) emoyeni. I-NaOH yenye yeekhemikhali eziyimfuneko kwiilebhu zemichiza, kwaye ikwayenye yeekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo. Imveliso ecocekileyo ayinambala kwaye i-crystal ebonakalayo. Uxinaniso 2.130 g/cm. Indawo yokunyibilika 318.4℃. Indawo yokubilisa yi-1390℃. Iimveliso zoshishino ziqulethe ixabiso elincinci le-sodium chloride kunye ne-sodium carbonate, ezimhlophe kunye ne-opaque crystals. Kukho i-blocky, i-flaky, i-granular kunye ne-rod-shaped. Uhlobo lobungakanani 40.01
Isodium hydroxideingasetyenziselwa njenge-agent yokucoca i-alkaline kunyango lwamanzi, echithwa kwi-ethanol kunye ne-glycerol; Ayinyibiliki kwipropanol kunye ne-ether. Kwakhona yonakalisa ikhabhoni kunye nesodium kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Ukusabela okungafaniyo kunye ne-halogen efana neklorini, ibromine kunye ne-iodine. Ungathathi hlangothi ngeeasidi ukwenza ityuwa kunye namanzi.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zokusonga
Isodium hydroxide yikristale eguquguqukayo eqinileyo eqinileyo. Isisombululo saso samanzi sinencasa ye-astringent kunye nemvakalelo ephilileyo.
Ubunjubaqa obusongayo Bubugxwayiba emoyeni.
Ukufunxa amanzi esongwayo
Ialkali eqinileyo inehygroscopic kakhulu. Xa ibonakaliswe emoyeni, ifunxa iimolekyuli zamanzi emoyeni, kwaye ekugqibeleni inyibilika ngokupheleleyo kwisisombululo, kodwa i-sodium hydroxide elulwelo ayinayo i-hygroscopicity.
Unyibiliko olusongwayo
Ukusonga ialkalinity
I-sodium hydroxide iya kuhlukana ngokupheleleyo kwii-ion zesodium kunye ne-hydroxide ions xa inyibilika emanzini, ngoko inomlinganiselo we-alkali.
Inokwenza i-acid-base neutralization reaction nayo nayiphi na iprotonic acid (ekwayeyokusabela kokubola kabini):
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H₂O
2NaOH + H₂SO₄=Na₂SO₄+2H₂O
NaOH + HNO₃=NaNO₃+H₂O
Ngokufanayo, isisombululo sayo sinokusabela ngokubola kabini ngesisombululo setyuwa:
NaOH + NH₄Cl = NaCl +NH₃·H₂O
2NaOH + CuSO₄= Cu(OH)₂↓+ Na₂SO₄
2NaOH+MgCl₂= 2NaCl+Mg(OH)₂↓
Ukusonga i-saponification reaction
Kwiimpendulo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo, i-sodium hydroxide nayo idlala indima efanayo njenge-catalyst, phakathi kwayo eyona nto imele i-saponification:
RCOOR' + NaOH = RCOONA + R'OH
Ukugoqa okunye
Isizathu sokuba i-sodium hydroxide ihle ngokulula ibe yi-sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) emoyeni kungenxa yokuba umoya unekharbon diokside (co):
2NaOH + CO₂ = Na₂CO₃ + H₂O
Ukuba i-carbon dioxide egqithisileyo isoloko iziswa, i-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), eyaziwa njengesoda yokubhaka, iya kuveliswa, kwaye i-reaction equation imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O = 2NaHCO₃
Ngokufanayo, i-sodium hydroxide inokusabela ngee-acidic oxides ezifana ne-silicon dioxide (SiO₂) kunye ne-sulfur dioxide (SO):
2NaOH + SiO₂ = Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O
2 NaOH+SO (trace) = Na₂SO₃+H₂O
I-NaOH + SO₂ (ngokugqithisileyo) = NaHSO₃ (i-NASO eyenziwe kunye namanzi asabela ngokugqithisileyo i-SO ukuvelisa i-nahSO)
